Calculate WiFi signal coverage area and strength using Free-Space Path Loss (FSPL) formulas. Compare frequencies, account for walls and building materials, and optimize router placement for home, office, or warehouse environments.
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WiFi signal strength decreases with distance due to free-space path loss and is further reduced by walls, furniture, and building materials. Understanding these physics helps you position routers optimally and choose the right equipment. This calculator uses industry-standard FSPL formulas and path loss models to predict real-world coverage.
WiFi signals are radio waves that lose energy as they travel through space and obstacles. The Free-Space Path Loss (FSPL) formula calculates signal degradation over distance in open air. The Log-Distance Path Loss model adds environmental factors using a path loss exponent (γ) that varies from 2.0 for open spaces to 4.0 for dense environments with many obstacles.
Free-Space Path Loss Formula
FSPL(dB) = 20×log₁₀(d) + 20×log₁₀(f) - 147.55Position your router optimally by understanding how distance and obstacles affect signal strength throughout your space.
Choose between standard routers, access points, or mesh systems based on your coverage requirements and building layout.
Understand the trade-off between 2.4 GHz (better range, more interference) and 5/6 GHz (faster speeds, shorter range).
Plan multi-access-point deployments for offices or large homes by calculating coverage zones and overlap areas.
Calculate whether a single router can cover your entire home or if you need a mesh system for dead zones.
Plan access point placement to ensure consistent coverage for all workstations without interference.
Account for metal shelving and concrete walls when deploying industrial WiFi for inventory management.
Calculate coverage for temporary WiFi deployments at festivals, conferences, or construction sites.
2.4 GHz has the best range and wall penetration due to its longer wavelength. However, it's more congested and slower than 5 GHz. For maximum range, use 2.4 GHz; for speed in open areas, use 5 GHz or 6 GHz.