Calculate molarity, molality, and normality for chemical solutions. Find concentration, moles, volume, or mass with step-by-step solutions.
Definitions
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Whether you're doing chemistry homework or preparing lab solutions, this calculator helps you work with the three main concentration units: molarity (M), molality (m), and normality (N). Enter your known values and instantly calculate what you need.
Molarity measures moles of solute per liter of solution - most common in lab work. Molality uses kilograms of solvent instead of solution volume, making it temperature-independent. Normality considers the reactive capacity (equivalents) per liter.
Key Formulas
M = n/V, m = n/kg_solvent, N = eq/VCalculate concentration, moles, volume, or mass for any unit.
See the complete calculation process for learning.
Work with molarity, molality, or normality in one tool.
Calculate how much solute needed for desired concentration.
Verify answers and understand calculation methods.
Find volumes needed when diluting stock solutions.
Work with normality for acid-base reactions.
Use molality when temperature changes are involved (like boiling point elevation) because it doesn't depend on volume, which changes with temperature. Molarity is fine for most room-temperature lab work.
Equivalents depend on the reaction type. For acids/bases, it's the number of H+ or OH- ions. For redox reactions, it's electrons transferred. For precipitation, it's the ionic charge.
N = M × n-factor, where n-factor is the number of equivalents per mole. For HCl, n=1. For H₂SO₄, n=2 (since it releases 2 H+ ions).
Colligative properties (boiling point elevation, freezing point depression) depend on the number of particles. Since molality uses mass of solvent, it remains constant as temperature changes, unlike molarity which uses volume.