What are equivalents in normality?

Equivalents depend on the reaction type. For acids/bases, it's the number of H+ or OH- ions. For redox reactions, it's electrons transferred. For precipitation, it's the ionic charge.

How do I convert between molarity and normality?

N = M × n-factor, where n-factor is the number of equivalents per mole. For HCl, n=1. For H₂SO₄, n=2 (since it releases 2 H+ ions).

Why is molality used for colligative properties?

Colligative properties (boiling point elevation, freezing point depression) depend on the number of particles. Since molality uses mass of solvent, it remains constant as temperature changes, unlike molarity which uses volume.

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Molarity, Molality & Normality Calculator

Calculate molarity, molality, and normality for chemical solutions. Find concentration, moles, volume, or mass with step-by-step solutions.

Concentration Type

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Definitions

Molarity (M): moles of solute per liter of solution
Molality (m): moles of solute per kilogram of solvent
Normality (N): equivalents of solute per liter of solution

Moles of Solute

mol

Volume of Solution

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Calculate Solution Concentrations

Whether you're doing chemistry homework or preparing lab solutions, this calculator helps you work with the three main concentration units: molarity (M), molality (m), and normality (N). Enter your known values and instantly calculate what you need.

Understanding Concentration Units

Molarity measures moles of solute per liter of solution - most common in lab work. Molality uses kilograms of solvent instead of solution volume, making it temperature-independent. Normality considers the reactive capacity (equivalents) per liter.

Key Formulas

M = n/V, m = n/kg_solvent, N = eq/V

Why Use This Calculator?

Multiple Calculation Modes

Calculate concentration, moles, volume, or mass for any unit.

Step-by-Step Solutions

See the complete calculation process for learning.

Three Concentration Types

Work with molarity, molality, or normality in one tool.

How to Use

Common Applications

Lab Solution Prep

Calculate how much solute needed for desired concentration.

Chemistry Homework

Verify answers and understand calculation methods.

Dilution Calculations

Find volumes needed when diluting stock solutions.

Titration Analysis

Work with normality for acid-base reactions.

Frequently Asked Questions

Use molality when temperature changes are involved (like boiling point elevation) because it doesn't depend on volume, which changes with temperature. Molarity is fine for most room-temperature lab work.